Likely during the Patriarchal Period (circa 2000-1500 BC)
The Book of Job is set in a time when patriarchal family structures were prevalent, and wisdom literature was a common means of exploring human suffering and divine justice.
The narrative does not specify a particular political environment, as it is more focused on the personal and theological aspects of Job's suffering.
The land of Uz, which is not precisely located but is thought to be in the region east of Israel, possibly in Edom or northern Arabia.
The belief in retributive justice was common, where suffering was often seen as a direct result of personal sin. This is challenged in the dialogues between Job and his friends.
Job
The central figure who is enduring intense suffering and questioning the justice of God.
Eliphaz