The term 'עֲבוֹדָה' (avodah) is a feminine noun meaning 'service' or 'worship,' and 'זָרָה' (zarah) is an adjective meaning 'foreign' or 'strange.' Together, they denote the worship of foreign gods.
Cultural context
Idolatry was a significant issue in ancient Israel, often leading to the nation's downfall and exile. It involved adopting the religious practices of surrounding nations, which was strictly forbidden in the Mosaic Law.
Theological significance
Idolatry represents a breach of the covenant relationship with God, highlighting themes of faithfulness and judgment. It underscores the call to exclusive worship of Yahweh.
The verb 'קָטַר' (qatar) is in the Hiphil stem, indicating causative action, meaning 'to cause to smoke' or 'to burn incense.'
Cultural context
Burning incense was a common religious practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures, often associated with worship and prayer.
Theological significance
In Jeremiah 44, burning incense to the 'queen of heaven' represents idolatrous practices that provoke God's anger, contrasting with the incense offerings prescribed in the worship of Yahweh.