1st Century AD (During the Ministry of Jesus)
The Jewish people were living under Roman occupation, with a strong emphasis on religious traditions and expectations of a Messiah.
Judea was under Roman rule, with local governance by Jewish leaders such as the Pharisees and Sadducees, who held significant religious and social influence.
The events in John 10 likely take place in Jerusalem, as Jesus is teaching in the temple area, specifically during the Feast of Dedication (Hanukkah).
Shepherding was a common occupation, and the imagery of shepherds and sheep was well understood. The Jewish expectation of a Messiah was for a political and military leader, which contrasted with Jesus' spiritual mission.
Jesus
The Good Shepherd, who contrasts Himself with false leaders and emphasizes His divine mission.
Pharisees
Religious leaders who often opposed Jesus and questioned His teachings.