15th Century BC (Traditional Dating of the Exodus)
The Israelites were living in Egypt, having been there for several centuries since the time of Joseph. They were under harsh slavery, and their cries for deliverance had reached God.
Egypt was a powerful empire ruled by Pharaoh, who was considered a god-king. The Israelites were seen as a significant labor force within the Egyptian economy.
The events occur in Midian, where Moses was tending the flock of Jethro, and then in Egypt, where he was to return to lead the Israelites out of bondage.
Egyptian society was polytheistic, with Pharaoh considered a deity. The Israelites, however, were monotheistic, worshiping Yahweh, the God of their ancestors Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
Moses
Chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of Egypt.
Aaron
Moses' brother, who would serve as his spokesperson.
Pharaoh
The ruler of Egypt who would oppose Moses' mission.