10th Century BC
The Israelites were divided into two kingdoms: the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. This division followed the reign of Solomon and was marked by political and religious tensions.
The kingdom of Judah was ruled by the Davidic line, while the northern kingdom of Israel was under the rule of Jeroboam, who established alternative worship centers to prevent his people from going to Jerusalem.
The battle took place in the hill country of Ephraim, a central region in the land of Israel, which was strategically significant for controlling the northern and southern territories.
The division of the kingdom led to religious reforms and conflicts, with Judah maintaining the temple worship in Jerusalem, while Israel established high places and golden calves in Bethel and Dan.
Abijah
King of Judah, who led his forces against Jeroboam and delivered a speech emphasizing the legitimacy of Davidic rule and the proper worship of Yahweh.
Jeroboam
King of Israel, who opposed Abijah and led the northern kingdom in battle against Judah.