12th Century BC (Period of the Judges)
The Israelites were in a cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance. They were surrounded by various Canaanite tribes and other peoples, each with their own deities and practices.
There was no centralized government in Israel. The tribes were loosely connected and often oppressed by neighboring peoples, such as the Midianites, who are the oppressors in this chapter.
The events occur in the Valley of Jezreel, a strategic location in northern Israel known for its fertile land and as a battleground for various conflicts.
The Israelites were expected to worship Yahweh alone, but often fell into idolatry, adopting the gods of surrounding nations. The role of a judge was to lead and deliver Israel, often through military means.
Gideon
Judge of Israel, chosen by God to deliver the Israelites from the Midianites.